Amrita Sher-Gil

#48/100 in #100extraordinarywomen

Amrita Sher-Gil and her self portrait

One of the most promising Indian artists of the pre-colonial era; youngest ever and the only Asian to be elected as Associate of the Grand Salon in Paris, Amrita Sher-Gil was a renowned Indian painter. She was one of the most charismatic and promising Indian artists of the pre-colonial era. Most of her paintings reflect vividly her love for the country and more importantly her response to the life of its people.

Sometimes known as India’s Frida Kahlo, Amrita Sher-Gil was born on 30 January, 1913 in Budapest, Hungary, to Umrao Singh Sher-Gil Majithia, a Sikh aristocrat and a scholar in Sanskrit and Persian, and Marie Antoniette Gottesmann, a Hungarian-Jewish opera singer. Her mother came to India as a companion of Princess Bamba Sutherland the granddaughter of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Amrita was the elder of two daughters born. She spent most of early childhood in Budapest. She was the niece of Indologist Ervin Baktay who guided her by critiquing her work and gave her an academic foundation to grow on. He also instructed her to use servants as models. The memories of these models would eventually lead to her return to India. In 1921, her family moved to Summer Hill, Shimla in India, and soon began learning piano and violin, and by age nine she along with her younger sister, Indira, were giving concerts and acting in plays at Shimla’s Gaiety Theatre at Mall Road, Shimla. Though she was already painting since the age of five she formally started learning painting at age eight. In 1923, Marie came to know an Italian sculptor, who was living at Shimla at the time. In 1924, when he returned to Italy, she too moved there along with Amrita and got her enrolled at Santa Annunziata, an art school at Florence. Though Amrita didn’t stay at this school for long, and returned to India in 1924, it was here that she was exposed to works of Italian masters.

At sixteen, Amrita sailed to Europe with her mother to train as a painter at Paris, first at the Grande Chaumiere under Pierre Vaillant and Lucien Simon and later at École des Beaux-Arts (1930–34). She drew inspiration from European painters such as Paul Cézanne and Paul Gauguin while coming under the influence of her teacher Lucien Simon and the company of artist friends and lovers like Boris Tazlitsky. Her early paintings display a significant influence of the Western modes of painting, especially as practiced in the Bohemian circles of Paris in the early 1930s. In 1932, she made her first important work, ‘Young Girls’, which led to her election as an Associate of the Grand Salon in Paris in 1933, making her the youngest ever and the only Asian to have received this recognition.

In 1934, while in Europe she began to be haunted by an intense longing to return to India, feeling in some strange way that there lay her destiny as a painter. She began a quest for the rediscovery of the traditions of Indian art which was to continue till her death. In May 1935, in Shimla, Amrita met the English journalist Malcolm Muggeridge, then working as Assistant Editor and leader writer for the Calcutta Statesman. Both Malcolm and Amrita stayed at the family home at Summer Hill, Shimla and a short intense affair took place during which she painted a casual portrait of her new lover. The painting now rests with the National Gallery in New Delhi. By September 1935, Amrita was seeing Muggeridge off as he travelled back to England for new employment, the parting timely and no doubt of relief to them both. She left for travel herself in 1936 at the behest of an art collector and critic, Karl Khandalavala, who encouraged her to pursue her passion for discovering her Indian roots. She was greatly impressed and influenced by the Mughal and Pahari schools of painting and the cave paintings at Ajanta.

Later in 1937, she toured South India and produced the famous South Indian trilogy of paintings ‘Bride’s Toilet’, ‘Brahmacharis’, and ‘South Indian Villagers Going to Market’ following her visit to the Ajanta caves, when she made a conscious attempt to return to classical Indian art. These paintings reveal her passionate sense of colour and an equally passionate empathy for her Indian subjects, who are often depicted in their poverty and despair. Amrita showed a strong empathy and deep engagement for her Indian subjects and depicted the poverty which blighted much of the country. These three works especially are believed to be a few of her seminal works which convey her compassion for the underprivileged. Influenced by her surroundings and experiences, her paintings are carved out with eloquent symbols of the human condition, and it is clear that her artistic mission was to express the lives of Indian people through her vivid paintings. This marked a significant point in her artistic development where she engaged with the rhythms of rural life in India, appropriating a way of life which was antithetical to her own. 

By 1939, she was living a bohemian life, which her parents did not approve of. They wanted her to settle down and lead a normal family life. There was no dearth of suitors, but understanding her own nature, Amrita married her maternal cousin Victor Egan in 1938, who accepted her as she was. She moved with him to India to stay at her paternal family’s home in Saraya in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh. Saraya inspired her to break her umbilical connection with the West. While in Saraya she wrote to a friend thus: "I can only paint in India. Europe belongs to Picasso, Matisse, Braque.... India belongs only to me". Her stay in India marks the beginning of a new phase in her artistic development, one that was distinct from the European phase of the interwar years when her work showed an engagement with the works of Hungarian painters, especially the Nagybanya school of painting. Thus began her second phase of painting which equals in its impact on Indian art with the likes of Rabindranath Tagore and Jamini Roy of the Bengal school of art. The ‘Calcutta Group’ of artists, which transformed the Indian art scene in a big way, was to start only in 1943, and the ‘Progressive Artist’s Group’, with Francis Newton Souza, Ara, Bakre, Gade, M. F. Husain and S. H. Raza among its founders, lay further ahead in 1948. Amrita’s art was strongly influenced by the paintings of the two Tagores, Rabindranath and Abanindranath, who were the pioneers of the Bengal School of painting. Her portraits of women resemble works by Rabindranath while the use of ‘chiaroscuro’ and bright colours reflect the influence of Abanindranath.

It was during her stay at Saraya that she painted the ‘Village Scene’, ‘In the Ladies’ Enclosure’ and ‘Siesta’, all of which portray the leisurely rhythms of life in rural India. ‘Siesta’ and ‘In the Ladies’ Enclosure’ reflect her experimentation with the miniature school of painting while ‘Village Scene’ reflects influences of the Pahari school of painting. Although acclaimed by art critics, Karl Khandalavala in Bombay and Charles Fabri in Lahore, as the greatest painter of the century, Amrita’s paintings found few buyers during her time. She travelled across India with her paintings but the Nawab Salar Jung of Hyderabad returned them and the Maharaja of Mysore chose Ravi Varma’s paintings over hers. While the Bengal school was trying to generally have a romantic revival of India’s cultural heritage and the Bombay school was imitating the West, Amrita dared to break away from the rut and paint the real India in body and soul.

Despite being from a family that was closely tied to the British Raj, Amrita herself was a Congress sympathiser. She was attracted to the poor, distressed and the deprived and her paintings of Indian villagers and women are a meditative reflection of their condition. She was also attracted by Gandhi’s philosophy and lifestyle. Nehru was charmed by her beauty and talent and when he went to Gorakhpur in October 1940, he visited her at Saraya. Her paintings were at one stage even considered for use in the Congress propaganda for village reconstruction.

In September 1941, Victor and Amrita moved to Lahore, then in undivided India and a major cultural and artistic centre. She lived and painted at 23 Ganga Ram Mansions, The Mall, Lahore where her studio was on the top floor of the townhouse she inhabited. Amrita was known for her many affairs with both men and women and many of the latter she also painted. Her work ‘Two Women’ is thought to be a painting of herself and her lover Marie Louise. In 1941, just days before the opening of her first major solo show in Lahore, she became seriously ill and slipped into a coma. She later died around midnight on 6 December, 1941, leaving behind a large volume of work. The reason for her death has never been ascertained. A failed abortion and subsequent peritonitis have been suggested as possible causes for her death. Her mother accused her doctor husband Victor of having murdered her. However, the day after her death Britain declared war on Hungary and Victor was sent to jail as a national enemy. She was cremated on 7 December, 1941 at Lahore. Amrita Sher-Gil entered India’s cultural horizon like a shooting star, blazing a trail of gorgeous radiance, and vanished before the spectacle could be celebrated. As she was in life, so she was in death: an enigma.

Although her life was short-lived, Amrita has left a compelling body of work behind, and these works have established her as one of the foremost female artists of the century. Her art has influenced generations of Indian artists from Sayed Haider Raza to Arpita Singh and her depiction of the plight of women has made her art a beacon for women at large both in India and abroad. The Government of India has declared her works as National Art Treasures, and most of them are housed in the National Gallery of Modern Art in New Delhi. A postage stamp depicting her painting ‘Hill Women’ was released in 1978 by India Post and the Amrita Sher-Gill Marg is a road in Lutyens’ Delhi named after her. In 2006, her painting ‘Village Scene’ sold for Rs. 6.9 crores at an auction in New Delhi which was at the time the highest amount ever paid for a painting in India. Besides remaining an inspiration to many a contemporary Indian artists, in 1993, she also became the inspiration behind, the famous Urdu play, by Javed Siddiqi, ‘Tumhari Amrita’ (1992), starring Shabana Azmi and Farooq Shaikh. Her work is a key theme in the contemporary Indian novel “Faking It” by Amrita Chowdhury. Aurora Zogoiby, a character in Salman Rushdie’s 1995 novel, “The Moor’s Last Sigh”, was inspired by Amrita Sher-Gil.

Despite her short career as an artist, Amrita Sher-Gil remains one of the most captivating, curious and alluring artists of her time. With such a precocious talent for painting and a unique post-impressionist style, her development of subjectivity through self-portraits and struggle for artistic identity, will continue to ignite contemporary interest. As an eminent Indian painter, her importance as a pioneer of the modern movement will remain in posterity for years to come. Being a woman who came from an affluent and upper-middle class strata, she encouraged a spirit of defiance against social norms and encouraged women to play a more prominent role within the field of art. She is today considered an important woman painter of 20th-century India, whose legacy stands on a par with that of the ‘Masters of Bengal Renaissance’. She is also the “most expensive” woman painter of India. 

Source: Wikipedia and Google search.

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin

#47/100 in #100extraordinarywomen

It feels great when a friend reads something somewhere and remembers that it’s something you are following and forwards you a reference. It was a friend who suggested to me to read about Cecilia and I cannot be thankful enough.

Back when scientists believed that the sun is made out of heavy elements, a 25 year old student wrote a brilliant and revolutionary doctor's dissertation proving everyone wrong. It was the bright and talented Cecilia Payne, a British - American astronomer and astrophysicist who, in 1925, proposed in her PhD thesis an explanation for the composition of stars in terms of the relative abundances of hydrogen and helium.

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was born in England. She is one of the few women that have successfully blazed into male dominated scientific community. Cecilia is one of the world’s most accomplished and successful astrologists. Her career in astrology helped many other women pursue a career in science. Her greatest achievement, however, is often overlooked as she was never given the proper credit for the same. Cecilia Payne managed to discover what the Sun was made of, as well as what other stars are made of. However, she was “robbed” of her achievement.

Cecilia Helena Payne was born on May 10, 1900 in Wendover, England. She was one of three children born to Emma Leonora Helena (née Pertz) and Edward John Payne, a London barrister, historian and accomplished musician. Cecilia's father died when she was four years old, forcing her mother to raise the family on her own.

She attended St Paul's Girls' School. In 1919, she won a scholarship to Newnham College, Cambridge University, where she read botany, physics, and chemistry. Here, she attended a lecture by Arthur Eddington on his 1919 expedition to the island of Principe in the Gulf of Guinea off the west coast of Africa to observe and photograph the stars near a solar eclipse as a test of Einstein's general theory of relativity. This sparked her interest in astronomy. At one open night for the public, Cecilia asked so many quality questions, that the staff of the university nicknamed her “The Professor”. She approached professor Eddington and told him she wants to be an astronomer and pursue a career in astrology. He invited her to use the observatory at the university, a move that opened many doors for her. She completed her studies, but was not awarded a degree because of her sex as Cambridge did not grant degrees to women until 1948.

Eddington encouraged her ambition, but she felt there were more opportunities for a woman to work in astronomy in the United States than in Britain, as the country was very strict towards woman in science. She realized that her only career option in the U.K. was to become a teacher, so she looked for grants that would enable her to move to the United States. After being introduced to Harlow Shapley, the Director of the Harvard College Observatory, who had just begun a graduate program in astronomy, she left England in 1923. This was made possible by a fellowship to encourage women to study at the observatory. The first student on the fellowship was Adelaide Ames (1922) and the second was Cecilia Payne. So, she moved to the United States and it was at Harvard that she achieved her greater success and flourished as an astronomer.

Beginning in the 1880s, astronomers at Harvard College such as Edward Pickering, Annie Jump Cannon, Williamina Fleming, and Antonia Maury had succeeded in classifying stars according to their spectra into seven types: O, B, A, F, G, K, and M. It was believed that this sequence corresponded to the surface temperature of the stars, with O being the hottest and M the coolest. In her PhD thesis (published as Stellar Atmospheres in 1925), Cecilia used the spectral lines of many different elements and the work of Indian astrophysicist Meghnad Saha, who had discovered an equation relating the ionization states of an element in a star to the temperature to definitively establish that the spectral sequence did correspond to quantifiable stellar temperatures. She also determined that stars are composed mostly of hydrogen and helium. However, she was dissuaded from this conclusion by astronomer Henry Norris Russell, who thought that stars would have the same composition as Earth. (Russell conceded in 1929 that Cecilia Payne was correct.) Cecilia received the first PhD in astronomy from Radcliffe College for her thesis, since Harvard did not grant doctoral degrees to women. Astronomers Otto Struve and Velta Zebergs later called her thesis “undoubtedly the most brilliant PhD thesis ever written in astronomy.”

Cecilia remained at Harvard as a technical assistant to Shapley after completing her doctorate. Shapley had her discontinue her work with stellar spectra and encouraged her instead to work on photometry of stars by using photographic plates, even though more accurate brightness measurements could be made by using recently introduced photoelectric instruments. She later wrote, “I wasted much time on this account.…My change in field made the end of the decade a sad one.” During this period, however, she was able to continue her stellar spectral work with a second book, Stars of High Luminosity (1930), which paid particular attention to Cepheid variables and marked the beginning of her interest in variable stars and novae. In her career, Cecilia has surveyed all the stars that are brighter than the tenth magnitude. She has made more than 1,250,000 observations.

According to G. Kass-Simon and Patricia Farnes, Cecilia Payne's career marked a turning point at Harvard College Observatory. Under the direction of Harlow Shapley and Dr E. J. Sheridan (whom she has described as a mentor), the observatory had already offered more opportunities in astronomy to women than any other institution, and notable achievements had been made earlier in the century by Williamina Fleming, Antonia Maury, Annie Jump Cannon, and Henrietta Swan Leavitt. However, with Cecilia's PhD, women entered the ‘mainstream’. The trail she blazed into the largely male-dominated scientific community was an inspiration to many. For example, she became a role model for noted astrophysicist Joan Feynman. Joan's mother and grandmother had dissuaded her from pursuing science, since they believed women were not physically capable of understanding scientific concepts. But Joan was later inspired by Cecilia when she came across some of her work in an astronomy textbook. Seeing her research published in this way convinced Joan Feynman that she could, in fact, follow her scientific passions.

In 1933, Cecilia travelled to Europe to meet Russian astronomer Boris Gerasimovich, who had previously worked at the Harvard College Observatory and with whom she planned to write a book about variable stars. In Göttingen, Germany, she met Sergey Gaposchkin, a Russian astronomer who could not return to the Soviet Union because of his politics. She was able to find a position at Harvard for him. They married in 1934 and often collaborated on studies of variable stars. They settled in the historic town of Lexington, Massachusetts, a short commute from Harvard. They had three children, Edward, Katherine, and Peter. Her daughter remembers her as “an inspired seamstress, an inventive knitter, and a voracious reader.” She was named a lecturer in astronomy in 1938, but even though she taught courses, they were not listed in the Harvard catalogue until after World War II.

In 1956, Cecilia Payne was appointed a full professor at Harvard and became the first woman to be promoted to a full time professor at Harvard’s faculty of Arts and Science. She was later appointed to Chair of the Department of Astronomy, making her the first woman with a department at Harvard. Some of her more prominent students included Frank Drake, Helen Hogg, Paul W. Hodge and Joseph Ashbrook. All of them made significant contributions to the field of astronomy. She retired from teaching in 1966, but continued her research as a member of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. She also wrote an autobiography, The Dyer’s Hand, that was posthumously collected in Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin: An Autobiography and Other Recollections (1984). Her other printed works include academic books, namely, The Stars of High Luminosity (1930), Variable Stars (1938), Variable Stars and Galactic Structure (1954), Introduction to Astronomy (1956) and The Galactic Novae (1957). She passed away on December 7, 1979.

During her illustrious lifetime, she won numerous awards, like, the Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy in 1934 of which she was the first recipient; the award of Merit from Radcliffe College in 1952; and the Rittenhouse Medal from the Rittenhouse Astronomical Society at the Franklin Institute in 1961. She became an elected member of Royal Astronomical Society while still a student at Cambridge in 1923; a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1936; a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1943; an Emeritus Professor of Harvard University in 1967; and also won the Henry Norris Russell Lectureship of the American Astronomical Society in 1976. She was awarded many honorary degrees from Rutgers University, Wilson College, Smith College, Western College, Colby College, and the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania. Moreover, the Asteroid 2039 Payne-Gaposchkin was named after her.

In Cecilia Payne’s own words, “The reward of the young scientist is the emotional thrill of being the first person in the history of the world to see something or to understand something. Nothing can compare with that experience... The reward of the old scientist is the sense of having seen a vague sketch grow into a masterly landscape.” Let’s hope she continues to inspire all young minds, and not just of women, to continue to challenge what exists and never be afraid to fail. 

Source: Google search and Wikipedia.